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Referencing styles - a Practical Guide

IEEE

IEEE referencing style

Used by: Computer Science, Electronic Engineering

Introduction to IEEE referencing style

The IEEE referencing style is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and is used widely in electronics and related disciplines. Make sure to check your departments' specific guidance for any preferred formats.

IEEE is a numeric referencing style. In-text citations use the number of the reference(s) which is given in square brackets after the information, summary or quote:

A recent study [1] has demonstrated the effectiveness of...
The results presented here have also been confirmed elsewhere [2].

The reference list at the end of the document includes the full details of each source so the reader can find them themselves. Sources are listed in the order they first appear in the text. All references, except those ending with URLs, will end with a period, including those with a DOI.

Useful resources

Guidance for all source types

This guidance applies to all references for all source types.

  • The names of the authors are abbreviated to the initials only and precedes the surnames;
  • Use "and" in between two authors' names or before the last if listing more than two;
  • Put the names of all authors up to six names. If there are more than six names use "et al." (in italics) after the first author.

See some examples below:

 


1 author

Reference list:

[3] W. K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993.

 


2 authors

List both authors in the order they appear in the publication. Use 'and' between names.

Reference list:

[4] F. Giannini and G. Leuzzi, Nonlinear Microwave Circuit Design. Chichester: J. Wiley and Sons, 2004.

 


6+ authors

Use et al. after the name of the first author.

Reference list:

[5] U. J. Gelinas, et al., Business Processes and Information Technology. Cincinnati: South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.

In-text citations should be numbered in square brackets inside the punctuation. Grammatically, they may be treated as if they were nouns or footnote numbers, e.g.:

According to [1]; as demonstrated in [2]; as shown by Brown [4], [5]; as mentioned earlier [2], [4], [5], [6], [7], [9]; Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]; Wood et al. [7]  

If you're synthesing a number of sources to support your argument you may want to use a number of sources in one citation. Reference ranges in text will not include an en dash. All references will be written out. For example, “[1]–[4]” will now be “[1], [2], [3], [4]”.  

NOTE: Use “et al.” when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.

Quotations are word-for-word text included in your work and must be clearly distinguished from your own words and ideas. Quotations are word-for-word text included in your work and must be clearly distinguished from your own words and ideas. You must also include the page number(s) in the citation and reference list entry.


Short quotations (of less than three lines)

Use a brief phrase to introduce the quotation. For example:

In-text:

As Neville emphasises, “you should cite all sources and present full details of these in your list of references” [1, p.37].           

Reference:

[1] C. Neville, The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2010.

 


Longer quotations (of three lines or more)

Use block quotation, without quotation marks, but clearly indent the quote to indicate these words are not your own. For example:

In-text:

Neville comments that:
It can sometimes be difficult, if not impossible, to avoid using some of the author’s original words, particularly those that describe or label phenomena. However, you need to avoid copying out what the author said, word for word. Choose words that you feel give a true impression of the author’s original ideas or action [1, p.37].


The in-text citation is given at the end of the quotation and before the punctuation, with a full reference, including page number, in the reference list being given as in the example above.

A secondary reference is given when you are referring to a source which you have not read yourself, but have read about in another source, for example referring to Jones’ work that you have read about in Smith. You should avoid using secondary references and locate the original source and reference that.

It is important to give a page number with a reference in the following circumstances:

  • when quoting directly
  • when referring to a specific detail in a text (for example, a specific theory or idea, an illustration, a table, a set of statistics).

This might mean giving an individual page number or a small range of pages from which you have taken the information. Giving page numbers enables the reader to locate the specific item to which you refer.

Capitalise the major words of publication titles. Articles (a, an, the) and conjunctions (and, but, for, or) should be in lower case. For example:

[2] U. J. Gelinas, et al., Business Processes and Information Technology. Cincinnati: SouthWestern/Thomson Learning, 2004. 

It is common in science publications to use standard abbreviations for common words in book and journal titles to give more concise references (for example IEEE Syst. J for the IEEE Systems Journal). 

Some standard abbreviations (and their meanings):

  • Appl. (applied)
  • Conv. (convention)
  • Ed./Eds. (editor/editors)
  • et al. (and others)
  • Fig. (figure)
  • no. (issue number)
  • p. (single page)
  • pp. (page range)
  • Rep. (report)
  • Soc. (Society)
  • Tab. (table)
  • vol. (volume)

For more information and the full list of abbreviations to use, please see the official IEEE Reference Guide.

Questions about referencing?

Contact your Faculty Librarians if you have any questions about referencing.

Commonly used sources

Examples of reference list entries for key source types.

Use these examples alongside the information given in the 'Guidance for all source types' box.

Information to include:
[#] Initial. Surname, Title of book, edition (if not first). City of publisher, US state if necessary, Country: Abbreviation of publisher, year.

Reference list:

[4] F. Giannini and G. Leuzzi, Nonlinear Microwave Circuit Design. Chichester, England, Wiley, 2004.

Chapter in an edited book

Information to include:
[#] Chapter author Initial. Surname, "Title of chapter" in Name of book, Editor Initial. Surname, Ed., City of publisher, US state if necessary, Country: Abbreviation of publisher, year, pp. xx-xxx.

Reference list:

[[#] C. Bennett, “What happens when you book an airline ticket? The collection and processing of passenger data post-9/11,” in Global Surveillance and Policing: Borders, Security, Identity, E. Zureik and M. Salter, Eds., Cullompton, U.K.: Willan, 2005, pp. 113–138.

 

Journal article / paper (print copy)

Information to include:
[#] Initial. Surname, "Title of article / paper" Name of journal, vol. #, no. #, pp. #-#, Abbrev. Month. year.

Reference list:

[27] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D line models using local search?" IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, no. 16, pp. 564-579, Jun. 1997.

 


Journal article / paper (electronic)

Information to include:
[#] Initial. Surname, "Title of article / paper" Name of journal, vol. #, no. #, pp. #-#, Abbrev. Month. year. [Online] Available: URL [Accessed: Abbrev. month and day, year].

Reference list:

[28] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots with smoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 623-628, Mar. 2004. [Online]. Available: www.oxfordjournals.org. [Accessed: Sept. 18, 2004].

Include the most precise date of publication given - usually full date for newspaper articles, month and year for magazines.


Newspaper/magazine article (with author)

Information to include:
[#]. Initial. Surname, "Title of article", Name of newspaper/magazine, p. #, Abbrev. Month day, year.

Reference list:

[31] “Engineering Doctorate Showcased”, The University of York Magazine, p. 5, Feb. 2010.
[32] N. Perpitch, "Green groups battle to overturn gas plan," The Australian, p. 2, Sept. 7, 2010.

 


Newspaper/magazine article (no author)

Information to include:
[#]. "Title of article", Name of newspaper/magazine, p. #, Abbrev. Month day, year.

Reference list:

[33] "Editorial: French elections. Bitter-sweet victory for the left," The Guardian, p. 26, Apr. 23, 2012.


Website with author

Information to include:
[#] Initial. Surname (year, Mon. day). Title of specific webpage. Name of overall website. [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed: Abbrev. month and day, year].

Reference list:

[47] J. Amos (2012, Feb. 12). Eavesdropping on the Squid World. BBC News [Online]. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17117194 [Accessed: Feb. 27, 2012].

Website with no author

Information to include:
[#] Organisation. (year, Mon. day). Title of specific webpage. Name of overall website. [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed: Abbrev. month and day, year].

Reference list:

[48] Apple. IEEE Standards Power & Energy Dictionary,  itunes.apple.com. [Online]. Available: http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ieee-standards-power-energy/id491148158?mt=8?WT.mc_id=tm_proj_pe [Accessed: Feb. 27, 2012].

Further sources

Examples of reference list entries for other source types.

Use these examples alongside the information given in the 'Guidance for all source types' box.

Reference list :

[1] Wireless Telegraphy Act, 2006, c.36. London: The Stationary Office.

Reference list:

[2] D. Lacey. “Reflections on Infosecurity Europe Week”. 28 Apr 2012. [Online]. David Lacey’s IT Security Blog. Available http://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/david_lacey/2012/04/reflections_on_infosecurity_eu_2.html [Accessed: Apr. 30,  2012]

If you are reading an English language version of a book originally published in another language follow this example.

Reference list:

[6] M. Gorkii, “Optimal design,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 12, pp. 111-122, 1961 (Transl.: in L. Pontryagin, Ed., The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes. New York, NY, USA : Interscience, 1962, ch. 2, sec. 3, pp. 127-135.

Follow this example if you need to reference a book that you read in another language.

Reference list:

[7] K. Ichiro, Thai Economy and Railway 1885–1935, Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha (in Japanese), 2000.

The author's or creator's name, followed by a comma, may precede the product name. Additional identifying information such as release date may be included after the product name. A commonly used short version or acronym of the name may be included in parentheses immediately after the product name.

Reference list:

[10] Adobe Illustrator, ver. 9.0, Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, Calif.

OR

[10] A. Harriman. (1993, June). Compendium of genealogical software. Humanist. [Online]. Available e-mail: HUMANIST@NYVM.ORG Message: get GENEALOGY REPORT.

Conference paper (unpublished)

Reference list:

[11]  J. Arrillaga and B. Giessner, “Limitation of short-circuit levels by means of HVDC links,” presented at the IEEE Summer Power Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Jul. 12–17, 1990, Paper 70 CP 637.

 


Conference paper (published)

Reference list:

[12] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach to testing polymorphic attributes," in Formal Methods and Software Engineering: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, Nov. 8-12, 2004, J. Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.

 


Conference proceedings

Reference list:

[13] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, Jul. 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.

Database Online (specific content with author)

Reference list:

[14] Y. Ralchenko, A.E. Kramida, J. Reader and NIST ASD Team. Na Spectrum Data. National Institute of Standards and Technology atomic spectra database. Version 3.1.5. [Online]. Available http://nist.gov/asd3 [Accessed: Apr. 2, 2010]

 


Database Online (not referring to specific content, no author)

Reference list:

[15] Oxford Language Dictionaries Online. [Online] Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available: http://www.oxfordlanguagedictionaries.com/ [Accessed: July 5, 2011]

E-book (online)

If page markers are not available on the e-book version you are using cite the chapter for specific references to the source

Reference list:

[19] T. Schlick, Molecular modelling and simulation: an interdisciplinary guide. Springer, 2010. [E-book] Available: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p406v4/#section=745673&page=1 [Accessed: July 5, 2011].

 


E-book (reader)

If viewing an e-book using an e-book reader it is important to reference the specific version of the publication for this reader.

Consider how you will provide any page numbers needed e.g. for a direct quotation. See some suggestions below:

  • Kindles allow users to see the location of text, use this as an identifier (Loc.);
  • For other formats use chapter (Cha.), section (Sec.) and paragraph (Para.) where possible;
  • If none exist, use no pagination.

Reference list:

[33] P. B. Kurland and R. Lerner, Eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/

 

Personal communications and non-recoverable information, such as an interview, lecture or conversation are not given citation numbers, but should be suitably referred to in the text. For example: “In an email to the author from Samuel Jones…”

Reference list:

[25] United Kingdom. Ministry of Defence, Defence ICT Strategy. London: Ministry of Defence; 2010. [Online].  Available: http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/251D708B-7080-4B64-ACDF-E069C62C892E/0/modict_strategyv1.pdf. [Accessed: Feb. 28 2012].

In-text: 

After the title of graph/table/figure give the citation number for the source and the page number the item appears on. For example: A Graph [26, p. 10]

Reference list: 

Give the citation number and cite according to the convention for the type of source you are using (book, journal, website).

Reference list: 

Personal communications and non-recoverable information, such as an interview, lecture or conversation are not given citation numbers, but should be suitably referred to in the text. For example: “In a personal interview with James Dyson…”

Reference list:

[29] J. Barney. (2011). Documenting literature [PowerPoint slides]. Available: http://moodle.cotr/english/gill
[30] Argosy University Online. (2012). Information literacy and communication: Module 2 filing and organization. [Online]. Available: http://www.myeclassonline.com

Reference list: 

Personal communications and non-recoverable information, such as an interview, lecture or conversation are not given citation numbers, but should be suitably referred to in the text. For example: “In a letter to the author from Alan Sugar…”

Reference list:

[29] FAX-B840/B820/B822 Users Manual, Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan, 2004.

Reference list:

[34] Doane Academy, Burlington, NJ, USA. Second Grade Bossy R. (Feb. 28, 2013). Accessed: Jun. 3, 2018. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUKHo1Y-BcM

Reference list:

[35] Graduate Students’ Association, Graduate Guide 2011. York Graduate Students’ Association, 2011.

Reference list:

[36] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, Jul. 16, 1990.

(Use “issued date” if several dates are given).

Reference list:

[40] R. E. Haskell and C. T. Case, “Transient signal propagation in lossless isotropic plasmas,” USAF Cambridge Res. Labs., Cambridge, MA, USA, Rep. ARCRL-66-234 (II), 1994, vol.2.

Reference list:

[41] D. Fisher, Writer, and T. Baker, Presenter, Doctor Who and the Creature from the Pit [Sound recording]. Bath, UK: BBC Audiobooks, 2009.

Reference list:

[42] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.

Reference list:

Personal communications and non-recoverable information, such as an interview, lecture or conversation are not given citation numbers, but should be suitably referred to in the text. For example: “In a telephone conversation with the author, Professor John Smith explained…”

Reference list:

[43] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyser,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MW, USA, 1993.
[44] H. Bordaouin, “ Unmanned aerial vehicles in flight simulations,”Ph.D. thesis, Dept. Aerospace Eng., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://its.not-a-real-thesis.pdf

Use either the proper name of the author or X pseudonym. In this example either ‘IEEE’ or ‘@IEEEorg’ can be used in the reference

Reference list:

[45] @IEEEorg. RT @IEEEInstitute IEEE has launched a new Web Portal Dedicated to Transportation Electrification: http://bit.ly/qM5FiJ. Apr. 20. 2012. [Post]. Available http://twitter.com/#!/ieeeorg [Accessed: Apr. 27, 2012].