Used by: Computer Science, Electronic Engineering
The IEEE referencing style is specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and is used widely in electronics and related disciplines. Make sure to check your departments' specific guidance for any preferred formats.
IEEE is a numeric referencing style. In-text citations use the number of the reference(s) which is given in square brackets after the information, summary or quote:
The reference list at the end of the document includes the full details of each source so the reader can find them themselves. Sources are listed in the order they first appear in the text. All references, except those ending with URLs, will end with a period, including those with a DOI.
This guidance applies to all references for all source types.
See some examples below:
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List both authors in the order they appear in the publication. Use 'and' between names.
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Use et al. after the name of the first author.
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In-text citations should be numbered in square brackets inside the punctuation. Grammatically, they may be treated as if they were nouns or footnote numbers, e.g.:
According to [1]; as demonstrated in [2]; as shown by Brown [4], [5]; as mentioned earlier [2], [4], [5], [6], [7], [9]; Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]; Wood et al. [7]
If you're synthesing a number of sources to support your argument you may want to use a number of sources in one citation. Reference ranges in text will not include an en dash. All references will be written out. For example, “[1]–[4]” will now be “[1], [2], [3], [4]”.
NOTE: Use “et al.” when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
Quotations are word-for-word text included in your work and must be clearly distinguished from your own words and ideas. Quotations are word-for-word text included in your work and must be clearly distinguished from your own words and ideas. You must also include the page number(s) in the citation and reference list entry.
Use a brief phrase to introduce the quotation. For example:
In-text:
Reference:
Use block quotation, without quotation marks, but clearly indent the quote to indicate these words are not your own. For example:
In-text:
The in-text citation is given at the end of the quotation and before the punctuation, with a full reference, including page number, in the reference list being given as in the example above.
A secondary reference is given when you are referring to a source which you have not read yourself, but have read about in another source, for example referring to Jones’ work that you have read about in Smith. You should avoid using secondary references and locate the original source and reference that.
It is important to give a page number with a reference in the following circumstances:
This might mean giving an individual page number or a small range of pages from which you have taken the information. Giving page numbers enables the reader to locate the specific item to which you refer.
Capitalise the major words of publication titles. Articles (a, an, the) and conjunctions (and, but, for, or) should be in lower case. For example:
It is common in science publications to use standard abbreviations for common words in book and journal titles to give more concise references (for example IEEE Syst. J for the IEEE Systems Journal).
Some standard abbreviations (and their meanings):
For more information and the full list of abbreviations to use, please see the official IEEE Reference Guide.
Contact your Faculty Librarians if you have any questions about referencing.
Examples of reference list entries for key source types.
Use these examples alongside the information given in the 'Guidance for all source types' box.
Information to include:
[#] Initial. Surname, Title of book, edition (if not first). City of publisher, US state if necessary, Country: Abbreviation of publisher, year.
Reference list:
Information to include:
[#] Chapter author Initial. Surname, "Title of chapter" in Name of book, Editor Initial. Surname, Ed., City of publisher, US state if necessary, Country: Abbreviation of publisher, year, pp. xx-xxx.
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Information to include:
[#] Initial. Surname, "Title of article / paper" Name of journal, vol. #, no. #, pp. #-#, Abbrev. Month. year.
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Information to include:
[#] Initial. Surname, "Title of article / paper" Name of journal, vol. #, no. #, pp. #-#, Abbrev. Month. year. [Online] Available: URL [Accessed: Abbrev. month and day, year].
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Include the most precise date of publication given - usually full date for newspaper articles, month and year for magazines.
Information to include:
[#]. Initial. Surname, "Title of article", Name of newspaper/magazine, p. #, Abbrev. Month day, year.
Reference list:
Information to include:
[#]. "Title of article", Name of newspaper/magazine, p. #, Abbrev. Month day, year.
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Include the specific date after the name for newspapers and other frequently updated sites.
Information to include:
[#] Initial. Surname (year, Mon. day). Title of specific webpage. Name of overall website. [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed: Abbrev. month and day, year].
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Information to include:
[#] Organisation. (year, Mon. day). Title of specific webpage. Name of overall website. [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed: Abbrev. month and day, year].
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Examples of reference list entries for other source types.
Use these examples alongside the information given in the 'Guidance for all source types' box.
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If you are reading an English language version of a book originally published in another language follow this example.
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Follow this example if you need to reference a book that you read in another language.
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The author's or creator's name, followed by a comma, may precede the product name. Additional identifying information such as release date may be included after the product name. A commonly used short version or acronym of the name may be included in parentheses immediately after the product name.
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If page markers are not available on the e-book version you are using cite the chapter for specific references to the source
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If viewing an e-book using an e-book reader it is important to reference the specific version of the publication for this reader.
Consider how you will provide any page numbers needed e.g. for a direct quotation. See some suggestions below:
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Personal communications and non-recoverable information, such as an interview, lecture or conversation are not given citation numbers, but should be suitably referred to in the text. For example: “In an email to the author from Samuel Jones…”
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In-text:
After the title of graph/table/figure give the citation number for the source and the page number the item appears on. For example: A Graph [26, p. 10]
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Give the citation number and cite according to the convention for the type of source you are using (book, journal, website).
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Personal communications and non-recoverable information, such as an interview, lecture or conversation are not given citation numbers, but should be suitably referred to in the text. For example: “In a personal interview with James Dyson…”
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Personal communications and non-recoverable information, such as an interview, lecture or conversation are not given citation numbers, but should be suitably referred to in the text. For example: “In a letter to the author from Alan Sugar…”
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(Use “issued date” if several dates are given).
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Personal communications and non-recoverable information, such as an interview, lecture or conversation are not given citation numbers, but should be suitably referred to in the text. For example: “In a telephone conversation with the author, Professor John Smith explained…”
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Use either the proper name of the author or X pseudonym. In this example either ‘IEEE’ or ‘@IEEEorg’ can be used in the reference
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