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Academic writing: a practical guide

Feedback on Argument, Analysis, and Critical Thinking

Feedback on Argument, Analysis, and Critical Thinking

This page will help you navigate through common feedback comments to enhance your skills in constructing robust arguments, conducting in-depth analysis, and applying critical thinking.



Top tip for University of York students

Are you a University of York student? Book a one-to-one online or in-person appointment with a Writing Centre Tutor who can offer advice and guidance on academic writing. Or attend our online and in-person workshops on critical thinking and analysis skills.

 

Work needs more depth and detail


Examples of comments


“Your arguments are too general; provide specific examples and detailed evidence to support your points.”

“This essay lacks depth in certain key areas.”

“Your discussion skims the surface of the topic; explore the underlying issues in greater detail.”


Comment Meaning

Feedback comments like this indicates that while you understand the subject matter,your work lacks the necessary detail and depth expected at the university level.  

In your university assignments, you need to go beyond a surface-level discussion to delve into the complexities and subtleties of the subject often discussed in the literature (previous writings by other authors). This means showing you are aware of what has been written about the subject by including detailed evidence for your points and including critical analysis of specific examples.  


How to improve:

1. Expand Your Research and Incorporate Varied Perspectives

  • Delve deeper into your topic by consulting various sources, including academic journals, dissertations, books, and primary sources.
  • Include different viewpoints or theories related to your topic to show a comprehensive understanding.
  • The University’s Subject Guides provide information in locating material and sources specific to your discipline.
  • We also have guides to showcasing the best Tools for finding sources and Finding what you need with YorSearch.

2. Use Specific and Detailed Examples

  • Wherever you make a claim or present an idea, follow it up with a thorough explanation and reasoning.
  • Use detailed examples, case studies, or real-life scenarios that support your arguments.

3. Analyse, Don't Just Describe

  • Move beyond mere description of facts or concepts; analyse and clarify their significance and implications.

4. Integrate Critical Thinking

5. Be Original

  • Include your insights, interpretations, and conclusions to demonstrate personal engagement with the topic.


Additional Resources

Understanding and defining key concepts


Examples of comments


“You need to demonstrate a better understanding of the core concepts.”

“Clarify your understanding of [concept] at the beginning.”


Comment Meaning

These comments suggest that you have not accurately understood or correctly defined key concepts and terms for your reader at the beginning of your writing. 

You must revisit and accurately understand your discussion's fundamental concepts and terminology. 


How to improve:

1. Revisit Course Materials

  • Delve deeper into your topic by consulting various sources, including academic journals, dissertations, books, and primary sources.
  • Go back to textbooks, lecture notes, and recommended readings to reacquaint yourself with the key concepts.

2. Consult Authoritative Sources

  • Look up definitions and explanations in reputable sources like academic journals, authoritative books, or online academic databases.

3. Seek Clarification from Lecturers

  • Don’t hesitate to ask your lecturers or tutors for clarification on concepts you find challenging.

4. Write and Reflect

  • Try writing short summaries or explanations of these concepts in your own words, as this can help cement your understanding.

5. Stay Updated

  • Keep updated on any new developments or discussions in your field that might affect understanding these concepts.

6. Define Key Terms at the Start

  • Don't assume your reader knows everything. Take the time to clarify your key concepts and terminology for them to ensure you both understand what is being discussed.
  • It’s important to define any key terms you will use in your essay from the beginning. In the introduction, make sure to define and introduce key phrases. Examples:
    • “In this essay, ‘[key phrase]’ is defined as…”
    • “For the purpose of this analysis, ‘[key phrase]’ will refer to... The discussion will focus on its application in/to…”
    • “[Key phrase] in this work is interpreted as…”
    • The Manchester Academic Phrasebank has lots of great examples of how you can define terminology, phrases, or keywords in your work.


Additional Resources

Keeping to the topic


Examples of comments


“You keep going off-topic.”

“Focus more closely on the question.”

“Several sections are irrelevant to the main thesis or question.”


Comment Meaning

You need to maintain a clearer focus on the primary subject or question of the work, ensuring all content is relevant and contributes directly to the main argument or discussion. 

This feedback may be because you include irrelevant information, or far too much information ie. storytelling, or need a tighter structure. 


How to improve:

1. Revisit the Assignment Brief

2. Create an Outline

  • Before writing, draft an outline that clearly defines the main points and how they relate to the topic. Stick to this structure as you write.
  • Check out our planning structure guide on how you plan out the general structure of an assignment.

3. Focus on the Thesis Statement (argument)

  • Develop a strong thesis statement articulating your main argument or purpose. Keep checking that each part of your essay supports this statement.

4. Remove Irrelevant Content

  • Be critical of your work. If a paragraph or section doesn’t directly contribute to your thesis or main topic, consider removing or revising it.

5. Use Topic Sentences

  • Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that clearly links it to the main argument or topic.
  • Check out our guide to writing paragraph structures.

6. Limit Scope of Research

  • When researching, focus on sources directly related to your topic to avoid gathering extraneous information.

6. Practice Conciseness

  • Work on expressing your ideas clearly and concisely, without unnecessary elaboration.


Additional Resources

Be More Critical


Examples of comments


“You are not being critical enough.”

“This needs more analysis.”

“The style is often somewhat descriptive, and you could have added a more critical discussion of the findings.”

“Push this point further.”


Comment Meaning

Comments like this suggest that your writing focuses on the more descriptive processes - remembering, understanding, and applying. To access higher marks, you must also demonstrate more critical skills - analysis, evaluation, and making judgements. This is considering what the information means in terms of your argument. 


How to improve:

1. Understand What Critical Analysis Entails

  • Critical analysis in academic writing involves describing what others have said and actively engaging with, evaluating, and questioning these ideas.
  • It’s about showing your understanding of the material, its implications, and its limitations.

2. Question and Explore

  • Regularly ask ‘why’, ‘what if’, and ‘so what’ about the information you're discussing. This encourages deeper thinking about the implications and the significance of your subject matter.

3. Evaluate Sources and Arguments

  • When presenting information from sources, don’t just state it as fact. Evaluate its validity, applicability, and relevance to your argument.
  • Consider the limitations of research or theories and how they relate to your context.

4. Connect Ideas

  • Show how different pieces of evidence, theories, or perspectives relate to each other and your main argument. This demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the subject.

5. Consider Different Perspectives

  • Explore various angles or aspects of your topic.
  • Acknowledge and critically evaluate contrasting viewpoints to enrich your analysis.

6. Provide Depth in Discussion

  • Go beyond stating a fact or opinion. Explain the reasons, causes, and context behind it. This adds depth and demonstrates a thorough understanding.

7. Clarify Your Reasoning

  • Clearly articulate your reasoning and conclusions from your reading and reflections.
  • Make logical connections between your thoughts and the evidence you present.

8. Explain Limitations

  • Acknowledge any limitations in your own arguments or in the research you're discussing, and explain how these affect your conclusions.


Additional Resources

A stronger argument is needed


Examples of comments


“You keep going off-topic.”

“Several sections are irrelevant to the main thesis or question.”

“Focus more closely on the question.”


Comment Meaning

You need to maintain a clearer focus on the primary subject or question of the work, ensuring all content is relevant and contributes directly to the main argument or discussion. 

This feedback may be because you include irrelevant information, or far too much information ie. storytelling, or need a tighter structure. 


How to improve:

1. Clearly Define Your Argument

  • Start by clearly stating your main argument or thesis at the beginning of your work. This sets the stage for what follows.
  • Use phrases such as:
    • “This essay attempts to show that…”
    • “It will be argued that…”
    • “This essay aims to explore…”
    • “This essay will demonstrate that…”
    • “The primary argument presented is…”
    • “The main focus of this discussion is to establish that…”
    • “This research aims to prove that…”
    • “This analysis seeks to show that…”

2. Use Persuasive or Direct Language

  • Employ language that asserts your position. The phrases below help in forming a solid argument:
    • “This suggests that…”
    • “The evidence indicates…”
    • “This supports the idea that…”

3. Provide Strong Evidence and Examples

4. Explain Your Reasoning

  • Don’t just state facts; explain how they support your argument. This shows the logical progression of your thoughts.

5. Address Counterarguments

  • Acknowledge and address potential counterarguments. This strengthens your argument and shows a deep understanding of the topic.

6. Provide Depth in Discussion

  • Go beyond stating a fact or opinion. Explain the reasons, causes, and context behind it. This adds depth and demonstrates a thorough understanding.

7. Organise your Argument Logically

  • Structure your argument in a logical sequence.
  • Each paragraph should introduce a new point that builds on the previous one.
  • Our Academic Writing Practical Guide provides general advice for structuring all types of academic writing.

8. Conclude Effectively

  • End with a strong conclusion that reinforces your main argument and summarises the key points made.


Additional Resources

Assignment doesn’t meet task requirements or address the title or question


Examples of comments


“Your essay does not address the specific question asked.”

“There is a lack of direct engagement with the key issue or question.”

“This work fails to answer the central question outlined in the assignment.”


Comment Meaning

Whether you have written your own question, or been assigned an essay question or title, you must answer it! You must ensure that your writing is relevant and focused on the question. 


How to improve:

1. Review the Assignment Prompt Thoroughly

  • Begin by carefully rereading the assignment question or title to understand all the elements involved in what is being asked.
  • Read our guide on understanding task requirements for our tips for understanding what you have been asked to do and breaking down the title/question.

2. Clarify Any Doubts

  • If any aspect of the question is unclear, seek clarification from the lecturer or tutor.

3. Align Content with the Question

  • Ensure every part of your essay or paper directly relates to and supports your answer to the assignment question.

4. Create a Focused Thesis Statement

  • Develop a clear thesis statement that directly responds to the assignment prompt and guides the structure of your work.

5. Use an Outline

  • Prepare a detailed outline before writing, mapping out how each section and paragraph will address the main question.
  • Once you've understood the task requirements, you can start mapping out your assignment structure - check out our ‘Planning assignment structure’ tips.

6. Regularly Refer Back to the Question

  • Continuously check your work against the question as you write to ensure you stay on track..

7. Cut Irrelevant Content

  • Remove any sections, examples, or arguments that do not contribute directly to answering the question.

8. Conclude Effectively

  • Ensure your conclusion directly addresses the question again, summarising how your argument or analysis has answered it.


Additional Resources