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Academic language: a Practical Guide

Explicit and clear language

Explore the nuances of Academic Language with our comprehensive guide.

Explicit and clear language


In academic writing, being 'explicit' means conveying your ideas, arguments, and conclusions clearly and precisely. It entails presenting each point confidently and directly, leaving no room for ambiguity or misinterpretation. This ensures that the reader fully grasps the intent and substance of the text.

How to make your writing explicit and clear:


What being explicit means

By explicit, we don't mean $#%@! — In most cases you'd probably avoid swear words in academic communication (unless it was the subject of your research)!

No, in this context, being explicit means being unambiguous — an essential for effective communication. When you are explicit in this way, you leave no room for confusion or misunderstanding.


Let's consider some of the benefits of explicit communication:


Clarity

Specific details make your message clear and easily understandable to your audience. When you are vague, readers may struggle to grasp your point, leading to confusion.


Precision

Specificity adds precision to your writing. It allows you to convey precisely what you mean without leaving room for interpretation. This is particularly important in technical or scientific writing, where accuracy is crucial.


Credibility

You appear more credible and trustworthy when you provide concrete details, such as specific numbers and dates. Vague statements can make you seem unsure or evasive.


Evidence

Specific evidence supports your arguments and conclusions. Citing specific research findings or statistics, for example, adds weight to your claims and enhances the persuasiveness of your writing.


Engagement

Specific examples and details can engage your readers more effectively. They can relate to and connect with specific instances, making your writing more relatable and engaging.


Avoiding misinterpretation

Vague writing can lead to misinterpretation, which can be particularly detrimental in certain contexts and important communications. Being specific helps prevent misunderstandings.


Signposting

A useful technique to achieve clarity and structure is the use of 'signposts'.

Signposts include specific words and phrases integrated into the text to direct the reader.

Signposting helps guide the reader through your argument. Whether introducing a new concept, highlighting a transition in your argument, or echoing a key concept, signposting will create and maintain direction and coherence in your writing.

Signposts can be categorised into two main groups: 'major signposting' and 'linking words and phrases'.


Major signposting

Major signposting is generally used to signal the main elements of the work, such as the rationale/purpose of an academic text and its structure.

Here are some examples of major signposting:

  • In conclusion…
  • The aim/purpose of this study is to…
  • This chapter reviews/discusses…

Linking words and phrases

Linking words and phrases establish coherence and provide the reader with guidance by signalling transitions between sentences and paragraphs.

Here are some examples of linking words and phrases:

  • …because…
  • Firstly... . Secondly...
  • For example…
  • However…
  • Therefore…


Cohesive signposting (an example)

Cohesion is what ties your various points together and guides the reader through your argument. 

You can create cohesion using the signposting words and phrases on this page so as to show the relationships between your points.

Cohesive words and phrases are shown in bold in this example paragraph about how language background affects maths skills development:

The time taken to pronounce number words is another linguistic factor that could affect children’s arithmetical development. If number words take longer to pronounce, fewer items can be held in working memory, which could affect the strategies used to solve arithmetic problems (Geary et al., 1993; Geary et al., 1996). In East Asian languages, number words are generally short, one-syllable words, while in English and other languages they can be much longer. The effect of this on working memory is seen in Chinese children’s longer digit span memory compared to their American peers (Geary et al., 1993). It also seems to influence the choice of strategies used by the two groups to solve arithmetic problems, with Chinese children using faster processes than American children (Geary et al., 1996). This limitation of working memory may mean speakers of less transparent languages rely more on slow procedural strategies than speakers of a transparent language, extending even to adulthood (Campbell & Xue, 2001).

Concision

Be concise! Remove words and phrases that don’t add anything to your argument. This makes your writing clearer, and also means you’ll have more words to make your points with. After writing a paragraph, read it back and remove any unnecessary words. Be ruthless!


Avoid filler words and phrases

Filler words and phrases like this are meaningless. They just add words that make your ideas less clear and add to your word count. Avoiding them will help you to be concise. For instance, rather than "There are many studies that have found…" you could just write "Many studies have found..."

Don't state the obvious

If what happened or who did something is clear from context, you don’t need to explicitly tell us this.


Vague vs explicit language

Look at the following examples to see how we can avoid being vague in our writing:

Vague

Precise

‘Many students answered that…’

‘258 students answered that…’

‘A lot of the population agrees…’

‘76% of the population agrees…’

‘A few years ago…’

‘Five years ago…’
‘In 2020…’

‘It is healthier to eat vegetables, fruits, and so on.’

‘It is healthier to eat vegetables and fruits.’

‘Research has shown that…’

‘A study carried out in 2020 by Frank Stevens showed that…’


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